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Welcome to the Uganda Christian University Scholar
It aims to collect, preserve and showcase the intellectual output of undergraduate students of UCU. This growing collection of research includes dissertations, Extended Essays, Past Exam Papers, Research Reports, and more.
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Recent Submissions
Factors that may hinder help-seeking behaviour among university students that have undergone sexual violence
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-06-01) Nicole Were
This study used Uganda Christian University as a point of focus to gather information that explained the emotional and physical factors that discourage university students to seek help after experiencing sexual violence. Both qualitative and quantitative have been utilized as a mixed methods approach. Structured questionnaires were given to participating students to respond to, to be support gathering of quantitative data. Key informant interviews with
university administrators and other staff along with review of the student handbook were used to collect qualitative data. Of the 59 respondents, 36 reported to have experienced sexual violence. The outcomes of the study indicated that if help was sought, most respondents who did depended on informal
support networks consisting of friends and family. Major barriers to help-seeking were determined to be physical barriers such as lack of proof and delayed reporting and also emotional barriers such as being afraid of judgement, blaming oneself and fear of retaliation. The study also clarifies the reason as to why there were no formally documented incidents of sexual violence in the records with university offices. Especially with existing institutional policies and support systems, the clarification indicated underreporting. The study’s findings emphasize the need for greater awareness, more convenient access to sources of support and more strategies centered around survivors as a way to promote students help-seeking
intentions and actions.
Economic Gender Parity in the Informal Sector: A Case of the Kiko Market, Mukono Municipality
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-05-28) Jennifer Mwamisa
The study examined economic gender parity in the informal sector with specific focus on Kiko
Market, Mukono Municipality, Uganda. The study was guided by three specific objectives: to
compare physical market placement between men and women vendors in terms of the type of
operating space secured; to measure inventory turnover rates as a sales performance indicator
by comparing how frequently men and women vendors restocked their primary trade
commodities per week; and to assess tangible business growth by determining the proportion
of men and women vendors who expanded their product lines within the past twelve months.
The study adopted a quantitative, cross-sectional survey design. A sample of 375 respondents
was drawn from a total vendor population of 2,500 using stratified random sampling
proportional to gender composition. Primary data were collected using a structured
questionnaire administered via Google Forms. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics,
chi-square tests of association, independent samples t-tests, and Pearson correlation analysis
using SPSS Version 26.
Findings on physical market placement revealed a profound and statistically significant
disparity: 70.8% of male vendors occupied permanent lock-up stalls compared to only 6.1% of
women, while 42.9% of women traded in open ground or unshaded areas compared to 0% of
men (χ² = 189.391, p < 0.001). Findings on inventory turnover revealed a directional gap in
weekly restocking frequency with male vendors recording a higher mean score (3.22) than
women (2.78), though the difference did not reach statistical significance at the 0.05 level (t =
-1.671, p = 0.096). Structural Likert-scale items revealed that women experienced significantly
higher working capital constraints (mean = 4.48 vs. 2.00 for men) and time poverty from
domestic labour (mean = 4.47 vs. 1.56 for men). Findings on product diversification revealed
the largest gender gap: 66.9% of male vendors expanded their product lines in the past twelve
months compared to only 19.2% of women (χ²(1) = 82.223, p < 0.001). Correlation analysis
identified significant relationships between stall equity and diversification (r = .447, p < .001),
working capital constraints and diversification (r = -.442, p < .001), and time poverty and
diversification (r = -.460, p < .001).
The study concluded that significant, structural, and statistically robust economic gender
disparities existed at Kiko Market across all three dimensions. The study recommended that
Mukono Municipal Council should prioritise construction of affordable permanent stalls with
xiii
transparent gender-responsive allocation guidelines; Village Savings and Loan Association
(VSLA) credit histories should be linked to formal financial systems; gender-targeted financial
literacy training should be established for female vendors; and enforceable stall allocation
guidelines should be developed and implemented at the municipal level.
The impact of supplier- relationships on the performance of manufacturing businesses in Uganda: A case study of Roofings Limited
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-05-29) Susan Gween Scopas
This study explored the impact of supplier relations on the performance of manufacturing organizations
in Uganda by identifying how efficient supplier management was used to optimize business operations
and increase cost reduction and improved quality of products. Given that some of the challenges
experienced by manufacturers include unreliable suppliers, logistics problems, and price fluctuations, this
research was aimed at exploring the impact of supplier relationship management practices in addressing
the above challenges faced by manufacturing firms.
The study examined the importance of some SRM practices like having long-term relationships with
suppliers, clear communication, developing trust, and having supplier development plans to evaluate how
they influence stability in the supply chain and organizational performance. Other issues like a lack of
supplier diversity and poor infrastructure have also been found to be a problem in manufacturing firms
and are barriers to growth and effectiveness. It is shown, through both qualitative and quantitative analysis,
that manufacturers who foster healthy relationships with their suppliers enjoy stability in their supply
chains, reduced operating costs, and better-quality products. In conclusion, the research recommends
policies and approaches by policy makers and business managers on how to improve procurement
processes, invest in infrastructure, and develop suppliers to promote diversity. Improved supplier relations
and SRM strategies were important in growing Uganda's manufacturing industry.
The impact of taxation on financial performance of small-scale Businesses in mukono central division
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-05-29) Kevin Bagonza
This study examined the impact of taxation on the financial performance of small-scale businesses in Mukono Central Division, Uganda. The study specifically focused on evaluating the effect of tax compliance, tax rates, and tax administration on the financial performance of small-scale businesses. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design, which enabled the collection of data from respondents at a single point in time. The study population consisted of 150 owners and managers of small-scale businesses operating within Mukono Central Division across sectors such as retail trade, hospitality, manufacturing, and services. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) sample size determination table, a sample of 108 respondents was selected through stratified random sampling to ensure representation from the different business categories. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires, while secondary data were obtained from relevant literature, reports, journals, and government publications. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), employing descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, and means, as well as inferential statistics including correlation and regression analysis. The findings of the study revealed that tax compliance positively influences the financial performance of small-scale businesses by promoting proper financial record keeping, transparency, and improved access to financial opportunities. The results also showed that tax administration significantly affects business performance, where efficient, transparent, and simplified tax procedures enhance compliance and reduce operational burdens on businesses. In addition, the study established that tax rates have a substantial impact on financial performance, as high tax rates reduce profitability, limit reinvestment opportunities, and constrain business growth. The study concluded that taxation policies play a crucial role in shaping the financial performance and sustainability of small-scale businesses. While tax compliance and effective tax administration can enhance financial management and stability, excessive tax rates can negatively affect profitability and growth potential. The study therefore recommends improving tax awareness among business owners through education and training programs, simplifying tax administration procedures to reduce compliance costs, and implementing balanced tax policies.
A critical analysis of the united nations and African union’s failure to prevent constitutional crises in sub-saharan africa
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-05-29) Queenla Arsenal Nabatanzi
Unconstitutional changes of government (UCG’s) remain a persistent threat to constitutionalism, democratic governance, and regional stability in Sub-Saharan Africa despite the existence of elaborate International and regional legal frameworks. This research critically examines the failure of the United Nations (UN) and African Union (AU) to prevent constitutional crises in the region. It interrogates both the legal and non-legal factors that undermine effective preventive action, with particular attention to the gap between normative commitments and practical enforcement. Adopting a qualitative doctrinal research design, the study analyses primary legal instruments; including the UN Charter, the AU Constitutive Act, the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance (ABDEG), and the Peace and Security Council Protocol alongside secondary scholarly literature and selected case studies from Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso and Niger. The research is further informed by thematic analysis of institutional practice, official communiqués, and diplomatic responses to recent constitutional crises. The findings reveal that while both the UN and AU possess robust normative frameworks condemning unconstitutional changes of government, these frameworks are largely declaratory and weakly enforced. At the UN level, sovereignty doctrines, Chapter VII discretion, and geopolitical interests within the Security Council constrain early and decisive intervention. At the AU level, despite stronger anti-coup norms, enforcement is undermined by political will deficits, elite solidarity, institutional capacity limitations and financial dependence. The study further demonstrates that non-legal factors; including diplomatic caution, militarisation of politics, socio-economic grievances, and external geopolitical interests; often override legal obligations and neutralise preventive mechanisms. The research concludes that the persistence of the constitutional crises in Sub Saharan Africa reflects systematic institutional and political failure rather than normative absence. It recommends strengthening the enforceability of existing legal instruments, enhancing UN and AU coordination, empowering judicial accountability mechanisms, and addressing underlying socio-economic drivers of instability. Ultimately, the study argues that effective prevention requires integrating legal enforcement with political accountability, institutional reform, and inclusive governance.
Social Work Interventions in Supporting Women With Postpartum Depression in Low Income Communities of Mukono Municipality
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-06-01) Michelle Awor
The research examined social work interventions supporting women with postpartum depression (PPD) in low-income communities of Mukono Municipality. Guided by cognitive behavioral theory and ecological systems theory, the study adopted a qualitative descriptive design. Data was collected through interviews with 20 participants including affected women, social workers and health workers. Findings showed that PDD is caused by financial challenges, lack of partner support, domestic violence and negative cultural beliefs. Social work interventions including counselling, home visits, referrals and support groups were found effective in reducing symptoms and improving maternal wellbeing. However, social workers had to deal with issues like stigma, cultural views, heavy workloads, transportation difficulties and a lack of funding. The study comes to the conclusion that although social work treatments are beneficial, they are limited by a lack of resources. Increased government funding, the creation of parish level assistance and giving home visitation programs top priority
are among the recommendations.
The relationship between digital human resource management systems and employee performance at Florence Nightingale Midwifery and Nursing School
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-05-22) Isaac Pikisa
The current research report explores the association between the use of digital human resource management systems and performance of employees at Florence Nightingale Midwifery and Nursing School within Apac District, Uganda. The investigation is based on concerns that although there have been advancements in the digitalization of human resource functions, the resultant improvement in employees' performance is still less than anticipated. There are three particular objectives underpinning this study: to investigate the link between digital recruitment and selection systems and employees' performance; to investigate the link between digital performance management systems and employees' performance; and to investigate the link between adoption of digital human resource systems and employees' performance. There are several theoretical perspectives associated with the investigation into the association between digital human resource management systems and employees' performance. For example, these include the Technology Acceptance Model, Human Capital Theory, and Goal- Setting Theory. These theories suggest that digital human resource systems may be correlated with employees' performance if they are well-designed, fairly implemented, and supported with sufficient employee training programs. A descriptive survey research design was used. A sample size of 66 subjects was selected out of a population of 80 respondents through the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) formula among teaching staff, clinical supervisors, and administrative staff. The data was collected using a structured Likert scale questionnaire and analyzed using the SPSS version 26, which included the calculation of frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations and the Pearson correlation coefficient used to analyze the relationships between the variables. The results show consistently positive relationships in all the three dimensions of the study Pearson correlation revealed a moderate to strong positive relationship between digital recruitment and selection systems and employee performance (r=0.614, p=0.000); a strong positive relationship between digital performance management systems and employee performance (r=0.671, p=0.000) and a moderate positive relationship between digital human resources system adoption and employee performance (r=0.583, p=0.000). x Conclusively, the study has established that the use of digital human resources systems is positively and significantly related to employee performance at Florence Nightingale Midwifery and Nursing School. It is recommended that investments in digital recruitment and performance management systems should be consistent; establishment of systematic staff training and system review should be undertaken.
Performance appraisal outcomes and employee performance at Glory Education Centre, Bulange, Mengo, Kampala, Uganda
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-05-19) Monica Tumusiime
This study examined the relationship between performance appraisal outcomes and employee performance at Glory Education Centre. The research was guided by three specific objectives: to assess the quality of feedback on employee performance, to evaluate the effect of the reward structure on employee performance, and to assess the effects of professional development on employee performance at Glory Education Centre. A descriptive design was used in the research, with a sample size of 52 participants. Of the participants, 40 were selected from varying ranks of employees in Glory Education Center, giving a response rate of 76.9%. Questionnaires that were structured were used to collect data, analyzed using descriptive methods such as frequency distributions and percentages. According to the results, most of the participants were men (55%), aged 30-39 (37.5%), had bachelor's degrees (40%), and had served for 6-10 years within the institution (35%). From these results, the research participants appeared to be very experienced, educated, and capable of providing insights regarding performance appraisal procedures. Concerning the effectiveness of feedbacks in motivating workers and enhancing their performance levels, research indicated that the process of continuous feedback was more effective than the yearly appraisal process in enhancing employee motivation and performance. The results of the study also pointed out that the reward and compensation policy had a significant effect on employee performance. The finding is that the performance and compensation policy has a significant influence on employee performance, meaning that reward and compensation on the basis of performance enhance employee performance. Additionally, the opportunity to develop professional skills was found to predict employee performance, with the finding that employee participation in professional development activities resulted in high levels of performance. From the above findings, it becomes clear that the performance appraisal outcomes, especially quality feedback, reward, and development opportunities, influence employee performance in Glory Education Centre.
The impact of Interpersonal Therapy Group (IPT-G) on the social and psychological wellbeing of the community in Takajjunge Village, Mukono, Uganda
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-05-19) Gloria Kisibo
In the quiet village of Takajjunge, many individuals navigate the heavy weight of social and emotional distress often made worse by the pressures of poverty and fractured relationships. This study was born from a desire to see if the Interpersonal Therapy Group (IPT-G) model could offer a genuine path to healing. The research utilized a mixed methods design, combining quantitative surveys with 43 participants and qualitative data from Focus Group Discussions and Key Informant interviews, reflecting the interconnectedness of social work research (Creswell & Creswell,2018). Moving beyond simple data, the research listened to the stories of participants through heart-to-heart conversations. The findings tell a story of profound transformation for 88% of those involved, the IPT-G sessions became a “safe haven” where they finally felt seen and heard, echoing the importance of social support in psychological recovery (Weissman et al., 2017). Married participants spoke of rediscovered peace at home, and many found a new family in their fellow group members. However, the study also uncovered the “graduation/ termination blues” , a heartfelt sense of loss when the formal sessions ended and the stark absence of men in these healing spaces. This research aligns with the observation that mental health interventions in low resource settings often face challenges regarding long term sustainability and gender inclusive participation (Bolton et al., 2003; Verdeli et al.,2021). Consequently, this work is a call to action to treat mental health not as a temporary project, but as a temporary project, but as a permanent, community rooted pillar of village life.
The financial habits and their contribution to financial distress among the young adults enrolled in higher institutions in Uganda
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-05-28) Nicole Kansiime
This study examined the relationship between the financial habits and their contribution to financial distress among the young adults enrolled in Uganda. The research was motivated by the continuous complaints and sayings by these young adults about how they are experiencing financial distress therefore the objectives of the study were to assess the students’ financial habits and explore the nature and extent of the financial distress that they experience and also establish the connection between these two factors. A quantitative research design was adopted, and data was collected using structured questionnaires which were then distributed to a sample of university students. The data was presented in tables and percentages for interpretation basing on results. The findings depicted that while many students may practice positive financial habits like budgeting, comparing prices, prioritizing school-related expenses and adjusting their lifestyles to fit their financial capacity, the challenges might remain in the sectors like consistent saving, following budgets and managing impulse spending. Financial stress emerged as a recurring concern among young adults while expressing worry about running out of money before the
semester ends, meeting financial obligations and paying back loans. Some students tend to experience this distress which extended to missing meals, struggling to concentrate in class and feelings of anxiety or depression. The study further concluded that financial habits and financial stress are closely related since students with well-disciplined financial habits such as saving, budgeting and prioritizing needs reported relatively lower stress levels while weak financial
practices were associated with higher levels of financial distress. The research recommends enhancing financial literacy programs within universities, promoting access to affordable financial support services and even encouraging peer or family discussions on money management to build resilience against financial distress.
Marketing psychology beyond consumerism: The future of capital building among Ugandan youth
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-05-28) Isaiah Opio
Uganda has one of the world's youngest populations (78% under 30), yet 64 to 70% of working-age youth are unemployed or underemployed, while advertising spending has surged 30%—with betting, fast food, and fashion brands dominating youth-targeted digital marketing. This study asked whether the psychological principles that drive consumption can be repurposed to promote saving, investment, and capital formation among Ugandan youth. Using a concurrent mixed-methods design, quantitative surveys were collected from Qualitative analysis 50 youth aged 18 to 30 in Kampala and Mukono, alongside 18 key informant interviews and 4 focus group discussions. Findings show current marketing
exploits triggers including social proof (4.2/5) and aspirational identity (4.1/5); betting ads were recalled by 64% of respondents, and 60% made purchases based on influencer recommendations. While 64% save, this occurs primarily through mobile money (40%) and informal groups (24%), with only 16% using formal institutions. A knowledge-action gap persists: 88% agree they should save more, yet present bias prevails ("enjoy life now" scores 4.0 vs. saving at 3.4). Four major barriers were identified through qualitative research including conflict of identities, mistrust in institutions, temptation of quick gains and peer pressure. Marketing psychology should be recognized as an untapped resource for enabling youths economically and can be reengineered to facilitate capital creation through identity-oriented marketing strategies, simple financial products, peer accountability and trusted online influencers.
Effect of budgeting practices on the performance of public entities in Uganda: a case study of the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-05-26) Trevor Solomon Kazibwe
This research looked at how budgeting practices impact the performance of the public entities with the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development serving as the case study. The research was informed by three particular objectives, which were to determine the impact of budget formulation, budget execution and budget monitoring and evaluation on the performance of institutions. The research used a descriptive correlational research design, which implies both qualitative and quantitative methods. A cross-sectional survey was carried out on the staff of MoFPED; The data collection involved structured questionnaires, interviews, and reviewing of documents. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (correlation, regression analysis) were used to analyze quantitative data whereas qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The results showed that institutional performance is greatly influenced by budgeting practices. The performance was observed to be the most affected by the budget execution practices, then the budget formulation, and lastly, the budget monitoring and evaluation. The results of the regression showed that the budgeting practices are significant in that they explain a significant percent of the variance in the performance of the institutions, and therefore, they are important in improving efficiency, accountability, and service delivery. The research report concludes that the effectiveness of budgeting practices plays a crucial role in enhancing performance of public entities. It suggests the need to enhance budget execution processes, stakeholder involvement in budget making, and to increase the monitoring and evaluation systems in order to achieve efficiency in the use of public resources. The research also recommends that the future research should examine other issues that affect performance in the public institutions.
The effect of balance of payment components on exchange rate dynamics in Uganda
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-05-25) Isaac Kalyango
The study assesses the short and long-run impact of the components of the Balance of Payments (BOP) on the exchange rate dynamics in Uganda for quarterly data from 2014Q1 to 2024Q4 (n=44 observations). The study is driven by the fact that Uganda has been facing persistent current account deficits (CA deficit) averaging at 7.9 percent of GDP during the study period, the choice of floating exchange rate regime by Bank of Uganda, the frequent foreign exchange shortage crises, and the imminent transition to commercial oil production. In combination, these factors make a case for using exchange rate stability as the core focus of macroeconomic policy. The study uses an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to estimate an ARDL(3,3,3,3) error-correction model of the log nominal UGX/USD exchange rate (lnNER) using three regressors retained after conducting the tests for multicollinearity namely, net exports as a percentage of GDP (NX), net Foreign Direct Investments as a percentage of GDP (FDI), and consumer price inflation (INF). The volatility properties are analysed following a GARCH(1,1) specification, while the dynamics between the variables are explored by a VAR(2) specification of the variables, and pairwise Granger causality tests. The bounds test confirms the cointegration (F = 4.819, higher than the upper critical bound of the 5 per cent for the test). The error correction term (ECT) is statistically significant and correctly signed, and means that around 18.6 percent of any short-run imbalance is corrected in each quarter, with the complete adjustment taking place in about 5.4 quarters. Also, in the short run, FDI appreciates by two quarters, which is in line with the portfolio balance theory (coefficient = −8.158, p = 0.003), whereas lagged inflation causes depreciation (coefficient = 0.011, p = 0.024), consistent with the Purchasing Power Parity hypothesis (PPP) that higher inflation erodes the external value of currency. The GARCH(1,1) estimates suggest α + β = 1.043, suggesting that the volatilities are nearly always present due to episodic shocks to external factors, in particular the depreciation in 2015, the COVID-19 disruption and the global surge in commodity prices in 2022. The Granger causality results show that inflation has a significant effect on the causality of net exports (χ² = 7.384, p = 0.025) and has strong bidirectional relationship with NX and INF, and weaker bidirectional relationship with NX and exchange rate, but none of the individual BOP variables Granger-causes lnNER at the conventional significance level, which supports the exchange-rate disconnect literature. The residuals diagnostics show that the model is adequate (Breusch–Godfrey p = 0.189, White p = 0.427, Jarque–Bera p = 0.508, Ljung–Box p = 0.109). The results indicate that the Bank of Uganda needs to adopt a coordinated policy mix of export diversification, inflation targeting and prudent management of foreign reserves to stabilise the shilling in the country's transition to becoming an oil producer.
The role of financial inclusion in enhancing digital performance of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in Uganda
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-05-25) Sharif Kiboneka
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of financial inclusion on the performance of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in Uganda, using data from the nationally representative FinScope Uganda 2023 survey. A quantitative approach was used, with adults engaged in self-employment or small-business activities as a proxy for MSE operators. Financial inclusion was based on mobile money use and formal credit, and MSE performance was based on indicators of profitability (cash flow stability), resilience (shock coping) and growth (investment/expansion plans). It was found that 63.6% of MSE operators use mobile money for one or more purposes (weighted), which is significantly higher than the general adult rate (p=0.0011), indicating high digital inclusion among MSE operators. Persistent barriers to accessing formal credit were evident, with only 38.5% of people accessing it. Moderate levels of performance indicators were reported: 65.7% of respondents indicated that their cash flows were stable; 68.3% reported facing financial shocks; ~75–76% reported coping resiliently through their own resources; and about 40% reported plans for investment/expansion. Formal credit access (p<0.001) and growth-oriented intentions (p=0.0109) were significant correlates of mobile money use, implying that mobile money is complementary to formal credit and contributes to growth capacity. But there was no significant association between inclusion (mobile money or formal credit) and shock coping quality (p>0.05), suggesting that although inclusion is common in times of crisis, it is not apparent that it decreases distress coping strategies. The study finds that financial inclusion, specifically mobile money, positively affects the performance of MSEs in Uganda, particularly growth potential, but the exclusion from formal credit and the limited role of mobile money in enhancing resilience remain challenges. Best practices suggested include enhancing mobile money services for businesses, increasing mobile money credit products for MSEs, and addressing gender and regional gaps. Further studies based on primary or longitudinal data are required to confirm causality and to understand the usage patterns in the business.
The influence of rewards on employee performance: a case study of the Embassy of the Republic of South Sudan in Uganda
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-05-25) Scovia Seidah Moini
The research analyzed the effects of rewards on performance in terms of the staff at the Embassy of the Republic of South Sudan in Uganda, paying attention to monetary rewards, non-monetary rewards, and the general effects of rewards on the performance of employees. Three distinct objectives were used to guide the research, which included analysis of the effects of monetary rewards on employee performance, the influence of non-monetary rewards on employee performance, and the relationship between rewards and employee performance at the Embassy. The research design used in this study was descriptive and cross-sectional with a quantitative research method employed to provide data that could be measured and validated. The study sample was drawn from employees of different departments at the Embassy, and 56 individuals took part in the research. Primary data were gathered using questionnaires, while SPSS software was utilized to conduct data analysis by use of descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regressions. This study was based on two-factor theory by Herzberg, self-determination theory, and social exchange theory, which elaborate the effects of financial and non-financial motivators on the motivation and performance of employees. From the research results, it was noted that there was a positive and statistically significant relationship between monetary rewards such as salary, bonuses, and allowances and the performance of workers, though workers showed moderately high levels of satisfaction with regards to how adequate and fair those monetary rewards are. It is clear that workers were motivated by monetary rewards as they enable the employees' economic needs to be fulfilled and make them work hard towards achieving organizational goals. The research results, however, indicated that non-monetary rewards had a more significant effect on the performance of employees than monetary rewards. Recognition and appreciation from management were linked to high morale, commitment, and productivity among employees. The correlation showed that both types of incentives were positively related to performance, whereas regression showed that nonmonetary rewards were the best predictors of employee performance at the Embassy. This research highlighted the significance of monetary as well as non-monetary incentives to boost the level of employee performance. However, non-monetary incentives play a much bigger role in vii motivating employees than the monetary ones. The study showed that money is not the only factor that motivates employees because they also feel satisfied when they are recognized and appreciated by the employer. From the foregoing, it could be concluded that the best way to improve employee performance would be to adopt a balanced reward system comprising financial and non-financial rewards. The findings have thus led to the recommendation that the Embassy should work on improving its system of financial reward through the fair distribution of adequate salaries and allowances, and at the same time establish a program of formal recognition through methods such as award letters, appreciation programs, and recognition of excellence.
Ethical orientation and tax compliance among small business owners in Uganda
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-05-25) Esther Leta Atsidri
The research investigated the impact of ethical orientation on the tax compliance level of small business owners in Uganda, specifically in the Municipality of Fort Portal. Tax noncompliance continues to be a significant problem affecting the operations of the Uganda Revenue Authority (URA) in its efforts of raising revenue locally and improving service delivery. Whereas other factors such as administrative, enforcement measures, and tax knowledge have previously been explored in tax compliance research, the aspect of ethical orientation as an independent variable is relatively under-researched, especially concerning small businesses beyond Kampala. The study was premised on the Theory of Planned Behavior by Ajzen (1991) and Moral Reasoning Theory by Kohlberg (1969), which assert that people's attitudes, moral perceptions, and perceived control can significantly influence their compliance intentions. The survey research approach was adopted, involving the use of structured questions based on five-point Likert summated rating scales for data collection from a census sample of 50 small businesses. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics, reliability test, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression using SPSS. There was a high positive relationship between ethical orientation and tax compliance (r = 0.777, p < 0.001). The results of multiple regression showed that both ethical orientation (β = 0.45, p < 0.001) and tax knowledge (β = 0.52, p < 0.001) had an important impact on tax compliance, accounting for 84.6% of the variability in compliance behavior (R² = 0.846). The type of business had a negative effect on compliance (β = -0.22, p = 0.023), while demographic factors like age, education level, and years in business did not significantly predict compliance. From this research, it can be seen that ethical orientation plays a crucial role in determining the degree of voluntary tax compliance among small business owners in Uganda. This means that URA and policymakers need to incorporate ethical principles and civic duty into tax education and public awareness programs. Combining morality with policy changes will lessen the need for expensive compliance strategies, encouraging voluntary tax compliance in Uganda.
The influence of artificial intelligence on recruitment and selection practices at Inverness Consulting Group
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-05-26) Maria Felister Kauta
Firstly, the main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of AI on the recruitment and selection process at Inverness Consulting Group. Based on this main objective, there are three main research objectives for this study, which include determining the extent of AI adoption in recruitment and selection, the impact of AI adoption on the recruitment process and finally challenges and ethical considerations concerning the use of AI in recruitment. The methodology used in this study included the use of a cross-sectional design, where both quantitative and qualitative approaches were employed. Data were obtained from 38 out of 46 selected staff members through the questionnaire while six key informants were also interviewed. The results indicate that there is a moderate level of AI adoption in recruitment and selection (mean score = 3.29), especially candidate sourcing and managerial support. Similarly, there is also a moderate positive effect of AI adoption on recruitment efficiency and effectiveness (mean score = 3.40), especially screening time (mean = 3.61) and administrative tasks (mean = 3.89). However, the fairness perception was still quite low (mean=2.79). The challenges faced along with ethical concerns were 3.19, which were mainly algorithmic biases (mean = 3.71) and lack of adequate guidance through policies (mean = 2.84). There was an observed medium positive correlation (Pearson correlation = 0.503, p<0.05) between the use of AI system and AI bias perceived by respondents. Multiple regression results revealed that ethical concerns (β=0.233, p=0.010) and use of AI recruitment systems (β=0.198, p=0.049) were significant predictors of difficulties in implementation, with all three predictors accounting for 41.2% of the variance in challenges (R²=0.412). It could be summarized from the findings above that the application of AI is still partial, as the fundamental tools are present while other advanced techniques are yet to be developed and implemented. Moreover, although AI speeds up processes, it lacks the contributions towards increasing fairness and effectiveness in HRM. Ethical concerns, as well as biases and poor guidance policies, constitute major hurdles in responsible AI application. The recommendations offered to managers were to introduce continuous training programs for employees, explainable AI, better data governance and ethical policies, and pilot projects of candidates' facing AI tools.
The influence of Transportation Management Systems (TMS) adoption on fleet scheduling and tracking efficiency in Uganda's third-party logistics firms: a case study of Jumia Uganda
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-05-26) Maria Namazzi
As e-commerce in Uganda continues to grow, the need for third party logistics companies to enhance their fleet operations is increasing. Companies like Jumia Uganda have turned to Transportation Management Systems (TMS) digital platforms to resolve these inefficiencies, which have long been an issue. Even with this investment, how much the adoption of TMS contributes to a firm's fleet scheduling and tracking efficiency is still an empirical question. This study determined the impact of TMS adoption on fleet scheduling efficiency, fleet tracking efficiency, the level of TMS adoption, as well as challenges of TMS implementation in Jumia Uganda. There was a 92% return of questionnaires (46
returned). The items in the instrument showed excellent reliability from Cronbach's Alpha (α = 0.905 – 0.918). Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and simple linear regression were used to analyse data in SPSS version 26. The study adopted the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory, Technology–Organisation–Environment (TOE) Framework and Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory as a theoretical framework. The study revealed a high level of TMS adoption and operationally embedded at Jumia Uganda with a composite mean of 4.14 which included route optimisation, automated dispatching, GPS monitoring, and data sharing in real time. TMS adoption significantly and positively predicted fleet scheduling efficiency (r = 0.945, β = 0.945, R2 = 0.893, F = 368.650, p < 0.001) and fleet tracking efficiency (r = 0.972, β = 0.972, R2 = 0.945, F = 757.964, p < 0.001), with both null hypotheses rejected. The performance of tracking was more accurately predicted by TMS than by scheduling performance. Internal factors such as Internet connection, IT skills of staff, road infrastructure and management support were generally seen as facilitating. The network instability,
variability of road conditions, gaps in system integration, staff resistance to adoption and third-party coordination failures were key implementation challenges. At Jumia Uganda, adoption of TMS is a clear enabler for fleet scheduling and tracking efficiency, and their performance in tracking has almost a perfect correlation with their predictive relationship. Managers should invest in redundant internet infrastructure, and institutionalize the training of TMS; and emphasize integration of the entire ERP and WMS. Government agencies need to tackle the issue of road and broadband connectivity in peri-urban delivery zones and TMS vendors should evolve a solution that is affordable and offline, to fit the logistics environment in Uganda.
Impact of internal controls on the financial performance of public sector universities in Uganda: a case study of Makerere University
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-05-25) Divine Hope Walusimbi
In this study, the effects of internal controls on the financial performance of public sector universities in Uganda were evaluated, considering Makerere University as the case institution. The rationale behind conducting this study was driven by the repeated complaints that have emerged in the recent Auditor General's reports concerning unauthorised spending, procurement anomalies, delays in payment to suppliers and employees, and non-follow-ups on auditor general's
recommendations in the public sector universities in Uganda. Based on Agency Theory, Systems Theory, and Stewardship Theory, the study was informed by four specific objectives, which include: evaluating the effects of risk assessment procedures; determining the effects of control activities; examining the effects of monitoring and evaluation techniques; and evaluating the effects of the control environment on the financial performance of Makerere University.
The research methodology used in this study involved the use of a descriptive case study research design, and it was quantitative in nature. The data collection tool used in this research was a structured questionnaire that was designed on a five-point Likert scale. It was distributed to a sample size of 73 respondents selected using proportional stratified sampling technique from the Finance, Internal Audit, Procurement, and Administration departments of the University. Out of the total number of 73 respondents who received the questionnaires, 65 responded to the questionnaires representing an overall response rate of 89.04%. Descriptive statistics revealed that most of the participants agreed that all four components of internal controls existed (RA: 3.928; CA: 3.848; ME: 3.798; CE: 3.858), with financial performance averaging at 3.732. On correlation, there existed a statistically significant positive correlation between financial performance and risk assessment (r = 0.510, p < 0.01), monitoring and evaluation (r = 0.494, p < 0.01), and control activities (r = 0.366, p < 0.01). There existed a positive but non-statistically significant relationship between financial performance and control environment (r = 0.233, p = 0.062). The regression analysis results show that the model is statistically significant (F(4, 60) = 18.739, p < 0.001), with all four components collectively accounting for 55.5% of the variance in financial
performance (R² = 0.555). The four independent variables each have significant unique effects on financial performance, namely: monitoring and evaluation (β = 0.451, p < 0.001), risk assessment (β = 0.383, p < 0.001), control activities (β = 0.259, p = 0.005), and control environment (β = 6 0.182, p = 0.043). This means that all four null hypotheses were rejected. It is important to note that while control environment is not significantly associated with financial performance when considered alone, it does contribute significantly to the regression model. The findings revealed that internal controls significantly improve financial performance in Makerere University when applied in an all-inclusive manner, with the greatest influence being monitoring and evaluation. The study recommends the creation of an enterprise risk management system, enhancing the Internal Audit Department, follow-up of audit recommendations, use of integrated financial information systems, and maintenance of a good ethical tone at the top. Keywords: Internal Controls, Risk Assessment, Control Activities, Monitoring and Evaluation, Control Environment, Financial Performance, Public Universities, Makerere University, Uganda, COSO Framework.
The role of social media in spreading fake news in Uganda
(Uganda Christian University, 2026-05-26) Nina Achakara
This research study examines the role of social media in spreading fake news in Uganda with specific attention to the causes, patterns, impacts and responses to misinformation within the country. The study is guided by clearly defined research objectives and research questions that focus on how fake news spreads on social media platforms, the impact of fake news on public opinion and behavior and the roles of key stakeholders in combating misinformation in Uganda.
Chapter One presents the background of the study. It highlights the growth of social media in Uganda and the increasing challenge of fake news. It describes the study's problem statement, goals, questions, scope, importance and rationale. The theoretical framework, which is based on Social Cognitive Theory is also introduced in this chapter. It describes how social reinforcement, imitation and observation affect how people share knowledge on social media. in keeping with the goals of the study, Chapter Two examines pertinent literature from local, regional and worldwide contexts. It looks at definitions and types of fake news, how false information spreads on social media, how fake news affects public opinion and behavior and what social media companies, government agencies and civil society organizations are doing to fight fake news in Uganda. Additionally, it highlights the gaps in previous research that this study aims to fill.
The research methodology used to address the research questions and accomplish the study's goals is described in Chapter 3. It outlines the study's population and geographic scope, sampling strategies, data gathering procedures and ethical considerations. In addition to content analysis of specific false news situations that have been confirmed by reputable fact-checking groups, the data was gathered via online survey questionnaires given to social media users, journalists, and legislators. The results of the study are presented and interpreted in Chapter Four in light of the research questions and objectives. It examines the respondents' demographics, social media usage habits, exposure to false information, methods of verification and opinions on the effects of false information in Uganda. The results show that political misinformation is the most prevalent type of fake news on social media platforms, although Ugandan users' verification procedures are still uneven. A summary of the study's key findings, a pertinent conclusion, and recommendations are presented in Chapter 5. In order to improve the spread of fake news in Uganda, it shows why it is important and necessary to improve media literacy, stronger support for fact-checking initiatives, to increase accountability by social media platforms and to have a coordinated multi-stakeholder approach that involves the government, civil society, media organizations and individual users of social media.