Bachelor of Science in Civil and Environmental Engineering

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A Comparative Study Between the Conventional Method and the Use of Powdered Activated Carbon in Iron Reduction from Groundwater
(2024) Andrew Mbabaali
This report was specifically looking at the comparison between the conventional treatment method (aeration followed by settling and filtration) and the use of Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) in an adsorbent filter in total iron reduction from groundwater sources. The PAC was prepared from sawdust. The water sample was collected from iron contaminated ground water source (borehole with hand pump). Both treatment methods indicated above (conventional and adsorption) were applied to check the total iron reduction from the ground water source and the results were compared in order to determine which method could be more effective in total iron reduction. Total iron levels were tested both before and after the treatment and the results showed that the conventional method was able to reduce the total iron concentration by 95.22% (from 41.44mg/L to 1.98mg/L) while on the other hand, PAC layer thicknesses of 2.5cm, 5cm, and 7.5cm were able to reduce the total iron concentration by 99.08%, 99.20%, and 99.40% respectively between 41.44mg/L and 0.38mg/L, 41.44mg/L and 0.33mg/L and 41.44mg/L and 0.25mg/L respectively . However, the reduced iron levels to (1.98mg/L and 0.33mg/L for conventional and PAC respectively) were still above the permissible limits compared to the Uganda National Standards for treated potable water which is 0.3mg/L. But since 0.33mg/L total iron is also within the permissible limit of the Uganda National Standards for untreated potable water (1mg/L), it was considered to be safe at household level.
A Comparative Study Between the Conventional Method and the Use of Powdered Activated Carbon in Iron Reduction from Groundwater
(2024-04-12) Eric Manede
This report was specifically looking at the comparison between the conventional treatment method (aeration followed by settling and filtration) and the use of Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) in an adsorbent filter in total iron reduction from groundwater sources. The PAC was prepared from sawdust. The water sample was collected from iron contaminated ground water source (borehole with hand pump). Both treatment methods indicated above (conventional and adsorption) were applied to check the total iron reduction from the ground water source and the results were compared in order to determine which method could be more effective in total iron reduction. Total iron levels were tested both before and after the treatment and the results showed that the conventional method was able to reduce the total iron concentration by 95.22% (from 41.44mg/L to 1.98mg/L) while on the other hand, PAC layer thicknesses of 2.5cm, 5cm, and 7.5cm were able to reduce the total iron concentration by 99.08%, 99.20%, and 99.40% respectively between 41.44mg/L and 0.38mg/L, 41.44mg/L and 0.33mg/L and 41.44mg/L and 0.25mg/L respectively . However, the reduced iron levels to (1.98mg/L and 0.33mg/L for conventional and PAC respectively) were still above the permissible limits compared to the Uganda National Standards for treated potable water which is 0.3mg/L. But since 0.33mg/L total iron is also within the permissible limit of the Uganda National Standards for untreated potable water (1mg/L), it was considered to be safe at household level.
Assessing the Use of Activated Carbon to Increase Biogas Production
(2024-04-15) Faith Wanadi Angeango
The enhancement of biogas production, specifically methane enrichment is critical for improving the efficiency and viability of biogas as a renewable energy source. This report examines the role of activated carbon in increasing methane yield and the quantity of biogas produced in a digester at NALIRRI by the Direct interspecies electron transfer Process (DIET). Activated carbon known for its high surface area, electrical conductivity and porosity provides a conducive environment for the adsorption of inhibitory compounds and the DIET process. Furthermore, it facilitates a more stable and enhanced microbial activity leading to increased biodegradation and methane production. Experimental setups incorporating various concentrations of activated carbon were monitored and analyzed. Parameters like pH, temperature and organic loading rate were monitored alongside the addition of activated carbon to maximize methane output. The results indicate a significant increase in methane production with the addition of activated carbon and it can contribute to the development of a cost-effective and sustainable method to increase the quantity of biogas produced in a bio-digester hence a promising approach to enhance biogas production with implications for renewable energy and waste management practices. This report concludes with recommendations for further research and application of biogas on systems.
Assessing the Use of Activated Carbon to Increase Biogas Production
(2024-04-15) Sandra Namulumba
This research focuses on the need to increase the quantity of biogas produced in a bio-digester considering the required conditions like temperature ph, the feeding rate are all met according to the given standards. This study aims to assess the use of activated carbon to increase the quantity of biogas produced at the National Livestock Resources Research Institute biogas plant while using the same amount feedstock. The results from this study indicated an increase in methane production and decrease in carbon-dioxide in the bio-digester through the Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer Diet (DIET) process while using abiotic conductive materials like activated charcoal. The results of study contribute to the development of a cost-effective and sustainable method for increasing the quantity of biogas.
Assessing the Use of Alkali-Activated Steel Slag in the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions From Wastewater
(2024-04-17) Phinehas Okiror
The release of wastewater containing heavy metals into the environment poses a huge threat to human health and the aquatic environment at large. In order to remove heavy metals from wastewater, adsorption methods are commonly utilized. This study investigated the effectiveness of alkali-activated steel slag in the removal of removal of heavy metals from wastewater. The research involved the characterization of wastewater samples to identify target heavy metals and their initial concentrations, steel slag characterization, alkali activation of the steel slag and the determination of the maximum adsorption capacity through batch adsorption experiments. The mean heavy metal concentrations determined were 0.43 𝑚𝑔/𝑙 for Lead (Pb) and 0.01 𝑚𝑔/𝑙 for Copper (Cu). XRF analysis of the steel slag showed it was made up of several oxides with Silicon Dioxide having the largest percentage. The maximum adsorption capacity determined was 78.99𝑚𝑔/𝑔. Based on the determined adsorption capacity, breakthrough curve data, and desired flow rate, a fixed-bed adsorption tank was designed to optimize the removal of heavy metals from wastewater streams on a larger scale. This research demonstrated the potential of activated steel slag as a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach for heavy metal removal from wastewater.
Assessing the Use of Pet Fibre in Reinforcement of Lime Stabilised Soil
(2024-04-17) Caleb Asiimwe
The presence of poor subgrade materials, particularly clay soils, poses significant challenges in road construction due to swell and shrink under varying moisture levels. This leads to road cracks and failures requiring methods to enhance soil strength. Chemical and mechanical stabilization methods are commonly employed, with factors like plasticity index and particle size distribution crucial in selecting appropriate stabilizers. Lime and cement are favored for their ability to chemically stabilize such soils, though lime stabilization may exhibit drawbacks such as poor strength characteristics due to factors like carbonation and organic matter presence. This paper investigated the impact of varying PET fiber content added to lime-stabilized soil, analyzing its influence on soil strength. The study evaluates California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of the stabilized soil. Results indicate that soil stabilized with 6% lime alone falls short of minimum standard requirements, with a UCS below the necessary threshold of 0.5 MPa. However, incorporating PET fibers shows promise, with optimum strength improvement observed at 1.5% fiber content, yielding a UCS of 0.59 MPa and a 54% CBR. This indicated an improvement impact on mechanical properties, enhancing the performance of clay soils stabilized with lime. The study suggested a 6% lime and 1.5% rice husk ash blend enhances strength. It highlights PET fibers' potential in lime stabilization for road construction, addressing weak subgrade materials and promoting sustainable waste management, particularly plastic waste utilization. This combination offers a promising solution to road construction challenges.
Assessing the use of Polyethylene Terephthalate fibre in reinforcement of lime-stabilised expansive soils
(Uganda Christian University, 2024-05-02) Mark Manana
Expansive soils are soils associated with constant volumetric change due to alternations in the moisture present in such soils, and such volume variations can lead to the expansive soils being unsuitable for use as subgrade material. The research was focused on the use of Polyethylene Terephthalate fibre in the reinforcement of hydrated limestabilised expansive soils to improve the properties of these soils. The research had specific objectives which were achieved by following a methodology that had implemented laboratory tests such as Sieve analysis, Atterberg Limits, California Bearing Ratio, Unconfined Compressive Strength, Free Swell Index, and Proctor Compaction on the neat soil along with other samples with a constant 6% content of Lime and varying percentages of fibre from 0 % to 2 %. There was a Tensile strength test done on the fibre. The tests were done following a given set of standards, after which the results on the neat sample found the soil to be expansive clayey soils and the fibrereinforced soil that was lime stabilised had the optimum mix ratio of 6% lime and 1.5 % fibre. The optimum mix ratio had a California Bearing Ratio of 54 % and an Unconfined Compressive Strength of 0.59 MPa. The results of the soil mixed with 1.5 % fibre and 6 % lime all matched the standards of subgrade material according to the Ministry of Works and Transport, General Specifications for Road and Bridge Works, 2005 manual. This implied that hydrated lime and Polyethylene Terephthalate fibre can be implemented in the improvement of properties of expansive soils to acceptable standards for subgrade material. There is a need for more research into the use of other fibres in the reinforcement of lime-stabilised soils.
Assessing the Use of River Sand and Saw Dust Ash in the Stabilization of Weak Subgrade Soils
(2024-04-16) Garry Mcarnold
Weak subgrade soils are usually expansive in nature characterized by swelling and shrinkage tendencies at different moisture contents, making then unsuitable for engineering projects like road construction without proper stabilization or reinforcement. Over the years, cement and lime have played a role as common stabilizers for improvement of such soils. However, in Uganda, the cost of these additives have been escalating creating a need to come up with alternative solutions. Henceforth, this research aims to assess the viability of river sand and saw dust ash as efficient stabilizers for the weak subgrade soils. Through analytical experimentation, the percentages of river sand were varied with increasing percentages of 15%, and saw dust ash was varied in reducing percentages of 3%. The objectives of the research were accomplished through a number of laboratory tests, such as gradation analysis, atterberg limits, proctor compaction test, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test. The discoveries after carrying out the tests disclosed the soil is clayey with high plasticity, calling for the need for stabilization. More so, the incorporation of river sand and sawdust ash resulted in a considerable decrease in the plasticity index, from 30.5% to 5.3%. Furthermore, the of addition of river sand sawdust ash led to a significant increase in the maximum dry density and a decrease in the optimum moisture content as its proportion was augmented. The optimum percentages of river sand and saw dust ash were 45% and 3% respectively. These end results disclose the prospects of river sand and sawdust ash as an economical alternative to traditional stabilizers like as cement and lime.
Assessing the Use of River Sand and Sawdust Ash in the Stabilization of Weak Subgrade Soils
(2024-04-11) Justine Shilla Nambooze
Expansive soils usually have a high compressibility they also have a tendency to shrink upon drying and swelling when wet, and high-water absorption. These expansive soils make it impossible to build civil engineering projects without adequate stability due to a number of issues they cause. In places where these soils exist, before construction of any structure, various techniques are frequently used to enhance their engineering qualities. Traditionally, common additives for stabilizing soil have included cement and lime. But in Uganda, where there is a lot of waste from the agricultural sector, and the increasing prices of these additives, there is need to use the locally available materials to stabilize these weak soils. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine whether river sand and sawdust ash (SDA) were suitable for stabilizing expansive soils. Through carrying out experiments, the percentages of river sand and saw dust ash were varied in the following ranges; 0% river sand and 0% saw dust ash and 100% soil, 0% river sand and 12% saw dust ash, 15% river sand and 9% saw dust ash, 30% river sand and 6% saw dust ash, 45% river sand and 3% saw dust ash, 60% river sand and 0% saw dust ash with varying percentages of soil which were varied by mass. The tests were carried out which include classification tests, durability tests and strength tests. The results showed that the neat soil was a highly plastic clay soil which was poor to be used for road construction and therefore required stabilization. On addition of river sand and saw dust ash in the above proportions showed a notable decrease in the plasticity index from 30.4% for the neat soil to 5.2% at 45% river sand and 3% saw dust ash. However, at 60% river sand and 0% saw dust ash the soil matrix was non-plastic. The maximum dry density was also seen to increase until it reached its highest of 1.898 g/cm3 and a reduction in optimum moisture content to 8.1%. The results reveal the potential for the use of the combination of river sand and saw dust ash to stabilize the weak subgrade soils. The research also adds to the existing body of knowledge in that it addresses the problem of poor soils and also environmental waste concerns brought about by the agricultural sector.
Assessing the use of Salt and Activated Carbon in the Cleaning of Biogas for Households in Mukono District
(Uganda Christian University, 2024-04-17) Magdalene D Atugabiire
This study investigates the effectiveness of salt and activated carbon in cleaning and purifying biogas. Biogas, a gas mixture produced from decomposing organic matter in an oxygen-deprived environment, contains 50–70% methane (CH₄) and 30–50% carbon dioxide (CO₂), along with traces of hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) and water vapor (H₂O). The presence of CO₂, H₂S, and water vapor can impact energy conversion device performance and flame combustion. Thus, their removal is critical for enhancing biogas quality. The study employed a chemical absorption method using an aqueous alkaline salt solution (NaOH) and activated carbon to cleanse and enrich biogas. The process involved scrubbing CO₂ and H₂S from biogas generated from household waste, faecal material, and cow dung. Additionally, activated carbon adsorbed water vapor as the gas passed through. The objectives included assessing different salt types for effective removal of hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, and water vapor, ultimately promoting cost-effective biogas cleaning for household cooking.
Assessing the Using Salt and Activated Carbon in the Cleaning of Biogas in Households in Mukono District
(2024-04-17) Joram Kalumba
The research study focuses on cleaning and purification before its efficient utilization by people in households in Mukono district. The purification process involves removing impurities like carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide to improve the quality of the biogas analyzing and highlighting their cost efficiency to the local people in households. The research aims at assessing the use of salt and activated carbon to clean and purify the biogas in households of people in Mukono district. Analysis of biogas is done before and after cleaning and purifying the gas. The salt is mixed with water to form a saline acting adsorbent to remove carbon dioxide and activated carbon acts as the purifier used to remove hydrogen sulphide to improve the quality of the being produced in households. A cleaning biogas unit is designed and fabricated for household users in Mukono district.
Cross-Intersection Traffic Analysis: A Case Study of Kyaliwajjala Namugongo
(2024-04-16) Ivan Kairania
This research was conducted as part of a project whose objective was to enhance the geometry of the Kyaliwajjala-Namugongo cross-intersection in Kyaliwajala, Wakiso. The geometric designs of the current road networks were to be improved in order to handle the rise due to the rising number of road users and the limited resources available. Traffic congestion interferes with business activities, lowers productivity, costs lives, and pollutes the environment on a global scale. According to research, it can also be a sign of the economy's expansion. The population of vehicles also grows as the economy expands and household real income rises, which adds to traffic congestion in cities. Given the essential role that productivity plays in (GDP) growth, the high costs associated with treating accident victims and paying out compensation, the yearly cost of travel time due to traffic delays, and ultimately the societal cost of environmental pollution, these factors hinder the nation's economic progress. Therefore, the main focus of this study was on the efforts to evaluate traffic congestion's detrimental impacts, causes, and finally, effects. Therefore, the study's emphasis was on developing the Kyaliwajjala-Namugongo intersection and improving it in order to control traffic congestion and its impacts at the junction. The interchange of a roundabout with an overpass to be implemented at the Kyaliwajjala Intersection will be the most cost-effective solution in safety, aesthetics and space requirement. The cross-intersection is designed to serve a future design traffic of 70037 veh/day and a design hourly volume of 8405veh/h.
Cross-Intersection Traffic Analysis: A Case Study of Kyaliwajjala-Namugongo
(2024-04-17) Lydia Nakiganga
ABSTRACT This research focused on analyzing traffic congestion at cross-intersections using a case study of Kyaliwajjala-Namugongo junction, Wakiso District-Uganda. The main objective of this study was to optimize traffic flow at the Kyaliwajjala-Namugongo intersection using a geometric design. The study involved carrying out topographic surveys to collect geometric and topographic data and manual traffic counts of the approaches to determine the performance of the intersection. The intersection topography was determined using road profiles generated from the elevation data and Coordinates and performance was assessed from the traffic volumes and traffic flow movements. A geometric design was then recommended at the end of this study to enhance the intersection to cope with the existing and future expected traffic volume. The proposed design is able to cope with the traffic for a design life of 15 years and installation of road signs, clear road markings and construction of raised islands were made to cater for safety of road users.
Development of a Non-revenue Water Management System for Mpoma Village in Mukono District
(2024-04-17) Nehemiah Grace Mishereko
This Final Year Research and Design Project addresses the global challenge of non-revenue Water (NRW) with a specific focus on the issue of illegal water connections in Mpoma Village, Mukono District, Uganda. NRW refers to water generated by utilities but not billed to clients, with illegal connections being a major contributor. The study emphasizes the economic and environmental implications of commercial losses, i.e., meter inaccuracies and illegal connections, and aims to fill this crucial knowledge gap by proposing practical strategies and methodologies for combating commercial losses within the broader context of NRW management. The research advocates for the implementation of sensor-based technologies for real-time monitoring of water distribution systems. This approach seeks to detect illegal connections promptly and accurately, thereby improving financial stability, responsible water resource management, and equitable water distribution. The research methodology includes a comprehensive assessment of water distribution infrastructure, prioritizing areas with low NRW values, and implementing an effective leak detection program. A data management system, supported by the development of a hydraulic model using EPANET and simulation software, will monitor consumption and detect abnormalities within the distribution system
Development of a Non-Revenue Water Management System for Mpoma Village in Mukono District
(2024-04-14) Modecai Stanly Muhanguzi
The development of a Non-Revenue Water (NRW) Management System for Mpoma Village in Mukono District, Uganda, represents an innovative strategy for addressing the critical problem of water leakage within water distribution networks. This project concentrated on deploying innovative sensor-based technologies for the real-time monitoring of water distribution with the goal of identifying and addressing illegal water connections, a key factor in NRW. Leveraging EPANET for hydraulic modelling and Python for data analysis, the study introduced a comprehensive NRW management framework. This framework includes real-time data analysis, predictive modelling, and an effective anomaly detection system for efficiently identifying potential leakages and unauthorized water use. Demonstrating significant potential to reduce NRW in Mpoma Village, the project also established a model that can be replicated in other regions facing similar challenges. The findings highlight the critical role of integrating technology with community engagement and policy frameworks for the sustainable management of water resources and fair distribution. With thorough data collection, analysis, and the application of engineering principles, this research makes a substantial contribution to global NRW reduction efforts, showcasing a mix of technical innovation and practical solutions.
Evaluating the Use of Alum Sludge in The Treatment of Wastewater Effluent from Namataala Wastewater Stablisation Ponds-Mbale
(2024-04-12) Yassin Nuwabiine
This research focuses on the evaluation of the use of alum sludge from the Manafwa water treatment plant, which is cost-effective and environmentally friendly for treating wastewater effluent from WWSPs. The case study was done on Namataala wwsps in mbale city with discharges of 24499.98m3/day of wastewater into Namataala wetland, which contains high levels of BOD, COD, and nutrients. The values of the parameters of the sampling point or discharge point were above the permissible limits: a COD of 235.67±14.01 mg/l, a BOD of 192.02±1.53 mg/l, total nitrogen of 49.7±4.51 mg/l, and total phosphorous of 30.6±0.21 mg/l. Alum sludge from water treatment plants is a readily available material obtained as a result of using aluminum sulphate as a primary coagulant in water treatment. From this research, alum sludge showed potential to produce an alum sludge extract that was used in the coagulation process in wastewater treatment. The parameters of interest we based them on were BOD, COD, TN, and TP. After taking wastewater through the coagulation process, which was followed by sedimentation, alum sludge extract showed a percentage reduction of BOD-79.9%, COD-79.7%, TN-87.7% and TP-92.2%. Therefore, alum sludge has a potential to be used in treatment of wastewater.
Evaluating the Use of Alum Sludge in Treatment of Wastewater Effluent Case Study: Namatala Wastewater Stabilization Pond in Mbale
(2024-04-16) Susan Alungat
One of the final products for wastewater stabilization ponds is effluent discharged to the environment. And as well in raw water treatment, the key process for portable water treatment is clarification by use of Alum as a coagulant. This comprises of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation to enhance the removal or the reduction of contaminates in water and in turn slurry Alum sludge is produced as waste product. The use of the alum sludge as an economic and sustainable way in treating the wastewater effluent to meet the discharge standards is key. The Alum sludge used in this work contained aluminum concentration of 15.81% obtained from 5g of dry Alum sludge dissolved in a solution of 100ml of 3N concentrated sulphuric acid hence making it a potential coagulant recovered suitable for reuse. The jar test gave the optimum dose of Alum extract of 35mg/l that reduced Turbidity by 82.3% from 39 NTU to 6.9 NTU at PH of 7.78. The optimum dose of the Alum extract applied to treat the wastewater effluent effectively reduced on the contaminates such as BOD, COD, Total Phosphorus and Total Nitrogen to meet the discharge standards from 202 ± 3.89mg/l to 41 ± 0.45 mg/l, 397 ± 2.59mg/l to 80 ± 1.86 mg/l, 73.4 ± 1.47mg/l to 9.1 ± 0.28 mg/l, and 51.4 ± 3.55 mg/l reduced to 3.7 ± 0.35 mg/l. Therefore, environmental friendly way of Alum recovery from the Alum Sludge to reuse as a coagulant in treating wastewater effluent gave economical and sustainable solution to protect the environment.
Evaluation of Rice Husk Ash Production Temperature on Performance in Fire-Burnt Clay Bricks
(2024-04-13) Solomon Munyweeza Mbuga
This research examined Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as a stabilizer for fired clay bricks, promoting sustainable construction. It involved determining the physical properties of the soil to be used for making the clay bricks, determining the properties of the rice husk ash formed at varying temperatures and heating durations and assessing the performance of the stabilized fire-burnt clay bricks. XRF analysis revealed changes in RHA's chemistry with production temperature (600-800°C). Sieve analysis and Atterberg limit tests determined particle size and workability. Bricks with 10%, 20%, and 30% RHA were fired and tested to understand how RHA firing temperature affects strength and water absorption after pozzolanic activity with clay minerals. The study identified the optimal combination for durable, and water-resistant bricks to be a mix ratio of 1:9 (RHA: Soil) with the RHA produced at 7000C after 6 hours of heating. With this mix, an increase in compressive strength of up to 143.5% was deduced after stabilization with RHA.
Evaluation of Rice Husk Ash Production Temperature on Performance in Fire-Burnt Clay Bricks
(2024-04-13) Eliud Lakara Lotyang
Fire burnt clay bricks are a common building material used in engineering practice in Uganda. This study aims at investigating the use of rice husk ash as a stabilizer in fire burnt clay bricks. The methods used to attain the objectives include soil tests such as the Sieve analysis and Atterberg limit tests on the soil to be used in the bricks to determine its physical properties, X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy on the Rice husk ash to determine the chemical composition and tests mainly focusing on the compressive strength and water absorption parameters of the stabilized earth blocks. Some key parameters in the study include the temperature variations of the materials being used and the effect on the final mechanical properties of the brick. This research identifies that the optimal ratio of RHA to soil is 9:1 with the RHA being heated at 7000C for 6 hours explaining the influence of the chemical composition of the ash on the clay minerals used when brick making. With this mix, an increase in compressive strength of up to 143.5% was deduced after stabilisation with RHA.
Exploring the Use of Pineapple Peel Biosorbent in the Treatment of Namilyango Lagoon Effluent
(2024-04-15) Edwin Alyosha Ssekyondwa
This study addresses wastewater management by exploring the innovative use of pineapple peel biosorbents for the treatment of effluent from the Namilyango Lagoon in Mukono. The primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of pineapple peel biosorbents in reducing Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and turbidity in the lagoon's effluent, thereby aligning with the discharge standards set by the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). The methodology encompassed the preparation of the biosorbents through chemical activation using sodium hydroxide to enhance their adsorptive properties. Subsequent experimental treatments involved the application of these biosorbents to the lagoon effluent at various dosages, followed by rigorous physico-chemical analysis to quantify reductions in BOD, TSS, and turbidity. The study systematically determined the optimal dosage of biosorbents necessary to achieve compliance with environmental discharge standards. Findings from the research demonstrated significant reductions in all targeted effluent parameters, with the optimal biosorbent dosage identified at 250 mg/L. This dosage effectively reduced BOD, TSS, and turbidity levels to within NEMA's regulatory limits, showcasing the pineapple peel biosorbents' potential as a viable alternative to conventional wastewater treatment methods. The study further highlights the dual benefits of this approach: mitigating environmental pollution and repurposing agricultural waste, thus contributing to the circular economy. The implications of this research are far-reaching, offering a scalable, environmentally friendly solution to wastewater management challenges in Uganda and similar contexts worldwide. It bridges the gap between agricultural waste management and environmental engineering, providing a template for future innovations in sustainable wastewater treatment.